Thursday, May 17, 2012

ALL THAT'S LEFT

In 1767, Peter and Anthony appear in the land records as purchasers of 248 and 105 acres, respectively, immediately adjacent to the Mason-Dixon Line, a few miles north of present day Hagerstown, Maryland.    "Frederick County Maryland Land Records, Liber K Abstracts, 1765-1768. p. 99: 1269-1271. Peter Bell Recorded 29 May 1767, made 2 May between Peter Sheas of FC, for L70 sells tract of land called All That is Left, beginning at part called Bell's Choice, containing 248 acrea. Signed Peter Sheas by mark before Jas Smith, Jos Smith. Receipt. Ack. and Elizabeth wife of Peter Sheas released dower. AF paid."  This single land record, coming about four years after Anthony and Peter became citizens of Maryland, tells us quite a bit about the Bell brothers when placed in the context of the historical events swirling about them.

We know from later census documents that Anthony was born in 1734 and Peter in 1736, which makes them 33 and 31 at the time of purchase.  Anthony's wife, Maria Schneeberger, was 19 and Peter's wife, Elizabeth Vogeler, was 26.  Although marriage records have yet to be found, we know from later church records that both families had their first child that year.

The title of the tract, "All That's Left", signified exactly what it says; no other good farmland land in that vicinity remained available for purchase.  Peter Schiess (Sheas), a German born land speculator, sold the last piece of a large tract that he owned to the Bell's.     

The Bell brothers paid cash for the land, somewhat unusual for recently arrived immigrants. They also acquired premium land, good for farming and located on one of the main routes for migration into the Shenandoah Valley of the increasing numbers of German-speaking imigrants arriving from Europe through the Port of Philadelphia.

The Bells' purchase also coincides with the conclusion of the French and Indian War and the completion of the Mason-Dixon survey.   The French and Indian war started in 1754, probably the same year that the Bell brothers arrived in Maryland.  Then Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, as second in commend to Colonel Joshua Fry, led a force through western Maryland to a bloody encounter with a French force near Fort Duquesne in Ohio.  Many of the troops in the expedition were recruited from the German settlers already in the region. Colonel Fry died after first encounter, falling from his horse.  Washington assumed command, built Fort Necessity in anticipation of an attack from a larger force sent by the French from Duquesne.  The French attacked and defeated Washington on July 3, 1754, but release him under terms of surrender after which he returned to report the defeat to Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia.

News of Washington's defeat swept through region.  On July 17, 1754, the Maryland assembly appropriated 6000 pounds to raise a defense force.  In November of 1754, Governor Sharpe of Maryland assumed command of a force consisting of 1000 North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland troops, the last of these coming from the predominantly German settlers in the western part of the colony, generally known by the name of Conococheague after the stream that flowed through it.  

In February 1755, General Braddock arrived from England and took command of the British forces, which he assembled at Frederick Maryland.  His command, including Colonel Washington, set out for Duquesne on May 30.  Maryland troops then moved into position inthe western part of the colony to protect the settlers.  By June of 1755, Indian attacks on the German settlers, encouraged by scalp bounties offered by the French, started and became increasingly frequent, after the disastrous defeat of Braddock at Monogohela.  Washington wrote: "The whole settlement of Conocochieg is fled and there now remains only two families from thence to Federicktown... That the Maryland settlements are all abandoned is certainly a fact as I have had the account transmitted to me by several hands and confirmed yesterday by Henry Brinker, who left Monocacy the day before, and who also affirms  that three hundred and fifty wagons had passed that place to avoid the enemy, within the space of three days."  

The Maryland Gazette gave grizzly accounts of the depredations: "On our march toToonaloways, about five miles this side of Stoddert's Fort, we found John Meyer's house in flames, and nine or ten head of large cattle killed.  About three miles and a half farther up the road we found a man killed and scalped, with one arm cut off and several arrows sticking in him; we could not bury him, having no tools with us for that purpose."  Report from Conococheague, March 11, 1756.

Begun in December 1763 and completed in December 1767, the survey finally resolved a thirty year dispute between the Calverts, proprietors of the Maryland colony, and the Penns, proprietors of the Pennsylvania colony.    
How did they come by the money for the purchase? How did they know where to go and what to buy? Many of the arrivals from the Rhine Valley, collectively described by the English as Palatines, brought little more than the clothes they wore and the skills they had learned. The region suffered the scourges of war, famine and religious strife for most of the 17th and early part of the 18th century. Naturally, the vast amounts of inexpensive unsettled land, promises of religious toleration and freedom from the ravages of war and also military conscription attracted many immigrants, a large number of which had to sell themselves as indentured servants for a period of seven years to pay for their passage to America.

Some immigrants came as part of organized religious groups, and these immigrants generally had some capital assets resulting from inheritance and acquired wealth. In the case of Anthony Bell, Swiss emigration records for his wife, Maria Schneeberger, show that she had the proceeds of a land right that she brought with her. In addition, the reference to a trade learned in Hesse suggests that Anthony, at least, had marketable skills in addition to whatever he produced as a farmer. As to Peter Bell, a hint contained in a Philadelphia newspaper advertisement, if it was placed by the same Peter Bell, suggests that he may have been a trading merchant early upon their arrival, if not also before they left Europe. Peter and Anthony may also have brought with them the proceeds of an inheritance; they also might have been employed as part of the Mason-Dixon surveying crew.

We know for certain from the inventory of Peter Bell's estate, that he became a prosperous and successful merchant before marching off to fight with General Washington in the Philadelphia Campaign in the summer of 1777. Herbert C. Bell notes: "The main road from Hagerstown to Nicholson Gap passed through his land and the travel over this thoroughfare doubtless gave him advantages not enjoyed by his more isolated neighbors." And he also notes: "About the year 1775 he removed to Hagerstown, where he owned the lot at the corner of Franklin and Potomac streets now the location of the market house in that city. It is probable that he engaged in merchandising here, as the settlement of his estate shows that 225 persons were indebted to him in sums ranging from 1s. 3d. to 65 pounds."

From surviving records, we can tell that Peter Bell was a leader within his small community and that he became involved early on in the events leading to the Revolutionary War. As early as 1775, Peter Bell provided rations to a company of militia forming int he county. "Rendered patriotic service by providing "rashons" for the use of the military in July, 1775, as recorded by the Committee of Observation at Elizabeth Town on November 4, 1775 [Ref: Q-150]. Rendered patriotic service in Hagerstown by providing Sundries to Capt. John Nelson Company, continental service, Maryland line, April 1776 [Ref: Q-162]" Herbert C. Bell writes: "On the 25th of November, 1776, he was elected a member of the Committee of Observation for Washington County, and during his connection with this body he served as a member of a subcommittee of seven appointed for the purpose of 'licensing suits.' It appears that the judicial functions of the Committee were intrusted to this sub-committee. On the 30th of December, 1776, the Committee ordered the militia of the county to march to the assistance of General Washington. Some who had served in the Flying Camp claimed exemption from this order, and it is entered in the minutes of the Committee under date of January 4, 1777, that 'On motion of Captain Bell it is resolved that the Flying Camp are by no means exempt from marching with the militia.' "

Peter Bell went on to become a Captain of that militia, and in his turn, he marched to war. The following entry occurs in the minutes of the Counsil of Safety under the date of January 15, 1777: "Gentn Washington County January 11th 1777. "The militia of my Battalion have marched almost generally. Colo Smith's Battalion are now ready, there are some of the former Commissioned officers who have gone in the German Battalion whose places are vacated in the Militia, others have been elected to serve in their room, viz. Capt. Peter Beall in the room of Capt. Wm Heyser, Jacob Ott, 1st Lieut. Michael Ott 2nd Lieut. and William Conrad, Ensign: likewise the followingGentlemen were advanced in Capt. Fackler's company, viz.Leonard Shryock to 2nd Lieut. in the room of Adam Smith andMichael Tomer, Ensign. It is earnestly requested that Commissions may be made out for the foregoing Gentlemen, each respectively and sent by the Bearer Melcher Belsheever, who will meet the Battalion at Philadelphia. The men are spirited in the defenceof Liberty, and hope no delay will be made in forwarding their Commissions, otherwise I doubt confusion may arise in their companies as they are agreeably elected, and have pledged my honour to be assistive in procuring their respective Commissions, and send an express for that purpose. I hope my request will be comply'd with, and am, Gentlemen, Your most obedt & Humbl Servt The Honble Council of Safety John Stull. of Md at Annapolis.

According to Herbert C. Bell "Their commissions were duly forwarded to Philadelphia, and Thomas Johnson, the first Governor of the State, writing from that city on the 29th of January informed the Counsil of the arrival of Stull's battalion. There can be little doubt that it proceeded to New Jersey, the the scene of Washington's operations." The records of the Council corroborate H.C. Bell's account: "Wednesday, January 15, 1777. Council met. Present as on yesterday. Commissions issued to Peter Beall appointed Captain, Jacob Ott, first Lieutenant, Michael Ott, second Lieutenant, and William Conrod, Ensign of a Company of Militia in Washington County. Also to Leonard Shryock, second Lieut. and Michael Tamer, Ensign of a Company in said County."

Although Captain Bell's militia had been called up to serve only until March 15, 1977, Herbert C. Bell beleives that the company must have stayed with Washington's army for a longer period. If so, Captain Bell may have seen service in connection with the Philadelphia Campaign and the Battles of Brandywine, Paoli and Germantown before the army went into winter quarters at the end fo the year in Valley Forge.

At the time that Herbert Bell wrote in 1898, he did not have available to him any of the muster rolls for Peter Bell's company. Since then, however, at least two muster rolls have come to light from the archives of the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore. Since the militia formed from the residents of the area and each company elected its own Captain, the list tells us who lived nearby and also that Peter Bell was trusted by these men to take them into battle:

A List of Capt. Peter Bells Compy. as now Classd.Capt.

Peter Beall; 1 Liet. Jacob Ott; 2 do. Michael Ott; Ensign William Conrod; 1 Sergeant Frederick Roser; 2. do John Stonecyfer; 3. do Martin Fifer; 4. do Peter Sailer; 1 Corporal Simon Househalter; 2. do Peter Hout. 3. do John Conn; 4. do Jacob Fisher Junr

1st Class: Adam Dile; Nathaniel Morgan; Jonas Emerick; William Bishop; Martin Funk; Peter Smith; Peter Hess; Francis Cryley
2d Class: Rudolf Pligh(?); Dewalt Celhoffer; Jost. Wyant; William Muffet (Mussett?); Henry Wykell; Thomas Leveings(?); Peter Hoak; Peter Croft
3d Class: Abraham Bower; John Oster; Phillip Hornish; Martin Harry; Jacob Craver; Andrew Miller; Peter Hefley; Frederick Croft
4th Class: Jacob Harry; Micahel Fesler; Jonathan Harry; Jonathan Hayer [DAH: probably Hager]; Balzer Gull; George Arnold; John Sailer; Henry Mull
5th Class: Peter Woltz; Jospeh Kline; Henry Bowert; Phillip Reefnaugh; Martin Stake; Harmon Criley; Isaac Cnady; John Funk
6th Class: Melchar Bellhover; Francis Wagoner; David Harry; Jacob Nicholl; Thomas Rinehart; John Snyder; Phillip Oster; John Howard
7th Class: Jcaob Rozer; William Scott; Henry Tootwiler; John Rage; Earnst Ditz; Adam Ott; John Parks; Phillip Creeybam(?)8th Class: Joseph Hindman; Thomas SHoeman; John Onsell; George Dill; George Rinehart; Jacob Wirey; John Wise.
[Militia Lists of Daus. of Founders and Patriots, held by Md. Hist. Soc.]





Anthony Bell, his children, and the children of Peter Bell, Frederick Bell in particular, played important roles in the founding and organization of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church in Leitersberg and the rebuilding of Beard's church near Smithsburg. Many of their later descendants became ordain Lutheran ministers. Three of the stain glass windows in St. Paul's bear the names of Frederick Bell and his son George Bell.
Anthony Bell's father-in-law, Hanns Schneeberger (German for Snow Hill) , had deeply held religious beliefs of a different sort. He founded a religious community at Snowhill, Pennsylvania. Marie apparently parted with that particular sect when she married Anthony. Colonial Pennsylvania and Maryland, in the 1700's and even later, could fairly be characterized as a religious stew of Mennonites, Seventh Day Baptists, Quakers, Reformed (Swiss), Lutherans, Catholics, Methodists, Moravians, Dunkards, Amish, Anglicans, etc. Thge natural religious fervor reached an even higher pitch during the years immediately preceding the Revolutionary War when a religious awakaening swept the colonies. Unlike their counterparts in the European homeland, however, these diverse religious and ethnic groups not only tolerated each other, they also cooperated to the extent that some church structures served, on a time-share basis, the faiths of Reformed and Lutheran. Frederick Bell, for example, helped fund the building of a neighboring Mennonite church, though he was not a member of that congregation.


Further evidence, were any needed, of their faith comes from the words of their wills.

IN SEARCH OF PETER BELL: THE SCOT HYPOTHESIS


IN SEARCH OF PETER BELL: THE SCOT HYPOTHESIS
A comment was recently posted on the piece Obama and the Bells:
BloggerMark said...
I've noticed that you're a descendant of captain Peter Bell and was wondering if you could give me your take on what I've heard. I heard a few years ago that the brothers Peter and Anthony Bell were actually from Scotland and were only residing in Germany just before coming to Maryland. I haven't been able to verify this but it could be plausible if they were part of the thousands that left Scotland after "the '45". This was the last of the Jacobite rebellions and the one in which the movement was utterly crushed at the battle of Culloden, resulting in the exodus of tens of thousands out of Scotland and northern England. Most ended up in Europe and a lot ended up in Germany. A huge portion of these people had military experience and that could explain why Peter Bell became a captain in the revolution so quickly. I always thought it unusual that two not-so-young unmarried brothers would just pick up and leave Germany for America. Also the Bells have a very long history in Scotland. I hope to find some evidence of the history of these two brothers some day but am becoming very discouraged.
June 20, 2009 1:13 PM
As far as I have been able to tell, the first statement of what I call the “Scot hypothesis” was advanced by Colonel Fielder M.M. Beall in Colonial Families of the United States Descended from the Immigrants: Bell, Beal, Bale, Beale, Beall (1927). The putative genealogical basis for this claim involved, among other things, the undocumented assumptions that: (1) the father of Anthony and Peter Bell was also named Anthony; (2) they also had brothers Daniel and Joseph; (3) belonged to a family that had settled in Old Sommerset before 1700. Fielder Beall’s work in this and many other areas has been severely criticized by professional genealogists for the obvious reasons.
Setting aside the faulty work of Fielder Beall, I think that the Scot hypothesis suffers from several major difficulties:
Religion: Peter and Anthony Bell are associated in every aspect of their documented history with the Evangelical Lutheran Church. They took communion as a condition of naturalization in that church. Peter Bell married the daughter of Johann Friederich Vogeler, one of the constitutional founders of St. John’s Evangelical Church in Hagerstown, under which Peter Bell was buried. (The signature of a Johann Friederich Vogeler also appears earlier in 1747 as a founder of the Monocacy Evangelical Lutheran Church near Frederick, Maryland. Anthony Bell and Peter’s oldest son Frederick were prominent contributors and officials within the Evangelical Lutheran Church founded in part from their contributions in Leitersburg. Frederick Bell also contributed to the establishment and maintenance of other Evangelical Lutheran Churches and even other dissident protestant sects, such as the Mennonites. It seems unlikely (though not impossible) to me that soldiers formerly fighting for a Catholic king would be so deeply immersed in the establishment of an evangelical protestant sect.
Language: The language of church, school and partly the business community of the Bell brothers and their descendants continued to be German until the mid-1800’s. The signatures of Anthony Bell, Johann Friederich Vogeler and Frederick Bell all follow German orthography. I have not yet found an exemplar for the signature of Peter Bell. We know that Frederick Bell had, for the time, a rather extensive library and subscribed to a German language bible.
Marriages: Anthony took to wife Maria Schneeberger (Snowhill), the German speaking Swiss daughter of Hans Schneeberger, described in Swiss records as a religious fanatic. As noted above, Peter was married to a Vogeler daughter, the other two Vogeler daughters being wed to Leiters, whose father had converted from the Mennonite sect to Evangelical Lutheran. In the next several generations, the offspring, male and female, made marriages within the German speaking community whose ancestors trace back to the Rhineland Palatinate and to the German speaking regions of Switzerland. As far as I have been able to research the other lines, very few marriages occur among the Scot, Irish or English population in the second, third and fourth generations. I would expect a different distribution if the Bell line originated in Scotland, Ireland or England.
Military Experience: Keeping in mind that captains of militia were elected and the ability to outfit and recruit followers often trumped military training, we should not feel compelled to find such a background in either of the Bell brothers. However, if such training existed, it might have come from a closer and more relevant conflict, the French and Indian War which ended almost exactly when the Bell Brothers first appear in colonial records. We know that the Swiss born British mercenary, Colonel Henry Bouquet, recruited his countrymen both at home and after arrival, and then trained and marched the assembled army through the western parts of Maryland before engaging for the decisive battles in Pennsylvania. Another notable colonel, George Washington, was also involved in this action and came to have a fairly high estimation of the German speaking soldiers in the command, which carried over to the Revolutionary War. Another tantalizing possibility stems from the existence of a Bell family line descending from the 1709 Palatine migration to the Mohawk Valley. Part of that group was also involved in the Canadian expedition. Some of the 1709 families eventually ended up among the Monocacy congregation near Frederick, Maryland, and were among the signers on the constitution of that church. Incidentally, several of those Mohawk Valley families will also involved in the Pennsylvania-Maryland border skirmishes that preceded the establishment of the Mason-Dixon line, also on the northern boundary of the Bell brothers original homesteads.
Family History: None of the documents contemporary to the Bell brothers hint at any non-Germanic origin or strong association with Scotland or Ireland. The muster rolls for Peter Bell’s and Anthony Bell’s companies are almost devoid of any names that are not clearly traceable to the Palatinate. Subsequent family history prior to 1900 by descendants points to Alsace, as does the best overall (though sometimes mistaken) account by Herbert Bell in The History of the Leitersburg District.
Bell Pottery and Housing: Shenandoah red ware, a variation of which at least three of the Bells in the second generation significantly advanced, had its origin in the Palatinate. It seems doubtful to me, but not impossible, that Scot soldiers of fortune or exiles might have picked up the knack and become sufficiently skillful to advance and pass on the technology to the succeeding generations. More likely, given the similarity to pottery glazing techniques associated with the Strasbourg area, the craft was learned there at some level, and came with the Bell brothers to Maryland. As to the original home of Peter Bell, which still stands on Bell’s Choice just south of the Mason-Dixon Line, it embodies the classical German stone construction found in the Rhineland and throughout Maryland German settlements. The house was, according to Herbert Bell, begun by Peter and completed by oldest son Frederick.
The Schottie Emigration to Prussia:  One possible connection to Scotland may exist, but no direct evidence, to the best of my knowledge, has been found.  In the late 1600's, several Scot families of landless peddler-merchants arrived in Prussia from Scotland.  Immanuel Kant may have been descended from one of these families.  Peter Bell and perhaps his brother Anton may have been itinerant merchants prior to their arrival in western Maryland.  Both had accumulated enough capital by some unknown means to make outright purchases of significant tracts of good farmland.  Peter Bell established a trading house at the central market square in Hagerstown.  Peter Bell's ability to work with the Revolutionary War Committee of Observation and to be elected a captain in the militia suggest that he had little difificulty in working and communicating with the English and Scots who controlled most of the public affairs in western Maryland.

ASKING FOR HER FATHER'S BLESSING


ASKING FOR HER FATHER’S BLESSING Dec 24, 2009
My father-in-law, Willie, celebrates his birthday on December 24th. Probably, that was the date of his birth in Ukraine in 1919. In any event, the ship manifest from his family’s arrival in Baltimore 10 months later corroborates the month, if not the exact date. We planned to see him in Baltimore on his 90th birthday. So, how to break the news? How would he react?
As in the meeting with the rabbi, my wife once again offered copious precautionary advice, mostly focused on the appropriate answers to the inevitable questions of “Why?” and “Why now?” I listened carefully, but did not commit to a script. I said only that I would wait until that time in the course of the visit when he would predictably say “What else?” after we had gone through a list of things mundane and not so mundane.
After lunch, a game of cards, a recounting of his social calendar (he needs a social secretary) and the usual checklist of things working and not in his apartment, he said, “What else?” My wife and I sat across the table and my father-in-law at the head. Our eyes locked, we smiled and then I turned and said, “What else? Well, remember about ten years ago when we knocked on your door and we said to you and Sophie, ‘We have come to announce a simcha involving a chuppah.’ Well, this time we have come to announce a beth din involving a mikvah.”
On that prior occasion, I had spent the better part of the trip from DC to Baltimore wrapping my vocal cords around the unfamiliar sounds of simcha (literally “happiness”) and chuppah (literally a “canopy” or “covering”). Simcha as a Hebrew and Yiddish noun, means “festive occasion.” Any celebration is a happy occasion, especially a wedding, or engagement. The chuppah in a Jewish wedding ceremony is a covering stretched over four poles which symbolizes the home of the couple to be wed and under which the wedding ceremony is performed. To me, at the time, the words sounded more like a Mexican fast food dish with salsa.
Willie’s eyes welled up immediately on hearing beth din, a Jewish religious court consisting of a rabbi and two observant men which, among other things, presides over a conversion. A mikvah, is a ritual bath designed for one of its purposes to be used for the ritual immersion in Judaism in connection with a conversion. Without doubt, the Christian ritual of baptism can be traced to the mikvah. He glanced at me, and said wryly, “I assume that someone is thinking about a conversion.”
He seemed so relaxed and unsurprised that Sarah and I suspected that either the rabbi or his assistant had somehow tipped him off. This seemed more likely since the rabbi’s assistant, a close and longtime friend of Willie, had been over for a visit earlier the same day. But our suspicions were misplaced, evident by Willie’s reaction when he found out that she and the rabbi had been part of our little conspiracy.
Then Sarah said to Willie, “Any questions?” To which Willie said, “I suppose the obvious one, ‘Why?’”
Sarah had that look she always gets when she knows that I am operating without a script over which she has editorial approval. Returning to the theme of the simcha and the chuppah, I said that we had been talking about our ten year anniversary and the possibility of renewing our wedding vows. That conversation and other things over the last several months had started me thinking about our life together, past, present and future. “But a lot of the decision had to do with my respect and admiration for you, Willie, and my desire to have you be part of the studies leading to conversion. Assuming, of course, that are you willing to play that role.”
At this point he surprised us both. “I had been thinking about this for a long time. I was wondering whether we could all be together. I used to cry about it; I really did. I was so worried that Sarah would be without you in the cemetery and we would not all be together.” Though our eyes were welled up with tears, we all then burst out laughing. So it was about the real estate after all!

GRANDMA GROTE IN GLENDIVE DAWSON MONTANA